![]() ![]() The aims have been not only to understand and describe associations between exposure and capability to adversely affect human health, but also to identify the plausible biological mechanisms that could explain and support these associations. Particulate air pollution has been the focus of a global research effort for several decades. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Air quality, past present and future’. Previous work, strengthening the evidence for both the adverse effects and benefits of intervention tell us that the sooner we act to close knowledge gaps, increase awareness and develop creative solutions, the sooner we can reduce the public health burden attributable to these complex and insidious environmental pollutants. The application of hypothesis-free approaches in both mechanistic studies and epidemiology in unveiling unexpected relationships and generating novel insights is also discussed. These include a focus on particles arising from non-exhaust PM at the roadside and microplastics-both of which are becoming more relevant in the light of a shift in PM composition in response to global pressure to reduce combustion emissions. This review discusses approaches designed to close some of these knowledge gaps. ![]() For example, being aware of the most toxic components/sources and having a definitive idea of the range of associated disease outcomes. To keep abreast of the substantial challenges that air pollution continues to throw at us requires yet more strides to be achieved. This has been matched by toxicological research to define underlying mechanistic pathways. Epidemiological research has taught us a great deal about the health effects of airborne particulate matter (PM), particularly cardiorespiratory effects of combustion-related particles.
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